Study Guide Answers

I.  History of Empires and Imperialism

Imperium: During the Roman monarchy, the Romanking automatically possessed this meaning the right to command obedience fromanybody, for any reason whatsoever. If the king's command is not obeyed he canpunish however he wanted. He also had the power to command troops in any waythat he saw fit or to interpret Roman law. Imperium also meant imperiumromanum- this described the roman power and also the roman space, as applied toall the lands where Rome herself held imperium. The imperium romanum reinedsupreme over all the lands ruled by the Romans. This is basically saying thatif the Romans had Roman Imperium over an area they had Imperium, or the rightto command.

Nationalism: At the base of nationalism there arenations. Nations are a unit of people having a similar origin and unifyingculture. The second part of nationalism stems from the fact that each nationwants to civilize the world and that in itself is a unifying force among acountry's people. The extreme form of nationalism, however, can be bad.Nationalism is also synonymous with manifest destiny in expansionism.

ManifestDestiny: invented inthe 1840s to justify the United States' westward expansion into territory heldby Mexico and Great Britain. The nation's manifest destiny becomes an excuse toacquire and rule territory, whatever the cost. Land which belonged either tonobody or to nobody civilized was regarded as terra nullius, and could be taken at will. Sometimes,though, another nation claimed possession of the desired land and then warensued.

Aggressiveimperialism: Rome'snew responsibilities as a superpower brought on a period of aggressiveimperialism, in which the Romans picked fights in order to stabilize theGreek-speaking Eastern Mediterranean world.

Treatyof Tordesillas: Sopowerful were Spain and Portugal that in 1493 Pope Alexander VI drew anorth/south line across the globe to divide their spheres of influence. Thisagreement is better known as the Treaty of Tordesillas after the town whereSpanish and Portuguese envoys met in 1494 to adjust the border somewhat. It isa testimony to the arrogance of the crowned heads of Europe and the CatholicChurch to think they could divide the New World into two parts.

NorthwestOrdinance: the landnorth of the Ohio River and west of the Mississippi would be settled and thatit would eventually become part of the United States. Larger states alreadymade territorial claims in the western half of the US. Smaller states, whichlacked such claims, played the only card they could: they held out on ratifyingthe Constitution until the larger states gave up their claims. NorthwestOrdinance ensured that all American states would be created equal.

II. Energy and Globalization

Ethanol: Ethanol is made from organic materialslike corn and sugar. Rarely used on its own, ethanol typically serves as a fueladditive to gasoline. Combining ethanol with traditional fuels optimizes engineperformance and enables fuel to burn cleaner, thus decreasing emissions ofcarbon monoxide and ozone. In the US, ethanol is promotedin two ways: first, renewable fuel standards like in the Clean Air Act of 1990and second, the federal government would provide tax incentives for ethanolproducts.

FossilFuels:  The termfossil fuel is used to describe the broad set of fuels "formed in the earthfrom plant or animal remains" that have been transformed into raw energysources over the course of many years as a result of geological processes.Fossil fuels come in three main forms: petroleum, coal; and natural gas. Coal has long been used as an energysource and was the hallmark fuel of the Industrial Revolution. It replaced moretraditional sources such as wood and water power. Even with the heightenedfocus on renewable and nuclear power sources, experts predict that fossil fuelswill continue to supply the vast majority of the world's energy needs for muchof the next century.

Coal: Coal is easy to access, it's inpolitically stable regions, and the technologies exist to eradicateenvironmental impacts. Emits harmful emissions. It is estimated thatretrofitting old coal-fired plants or building new ones equipped with cleancoal technology would add anywhere from 5-20 percent to the cost ofelectricity.

SolarEnergy: The mostcommon means of capturing solar energy is the photovoltaic (PV) cell. Thesecells are made of silicon semiconductors that absorb sunlight and channel it,thus exciting the electrons contained in the chips to rapid motion andgenerating electricity. The two main issues hampering the development of solarenergy are efficiency and storage technology due to the unpredictability ofweather conditions and partially because of the absence of sunlight at night.Putting solar panels on houses/huts in 3rd world countries.

WindEnergy: The use of windmills to catch aircurrents and translate that force into mechanical energy. The top five globalproducers of wind energy in 2005 were Germany, Spain, the United States, Indiaand Denmark. vertical-axis turbines harvest more high-speed winds. best landlocations are already occupied. expanding wind power also has costs. problem ofintermittency and storage.

Oilcartels: The OPECcountries operate as a cartel, "a combination of independent commercial orindustrial [actors] designed to limit competition or fix prices". Since OPECcontrols slightly more than 50 percent of the oil traded internationally, itsdecisions regarding supply have a tremendous impact on global prices. In 1973,the Arab members of OPEC announced an oil embargo against any country thatsupported Israel in the Yom Kippur War against Syria and Egypt, including theUnited States and many European countries. The embargo triggered history's mostcatastrophic oil crisis as the price of oil more than doubled almost overnight.Acute shortages led to long lines at the gasoline pump and strict governmentrationing policies. When the embargo was ended almost a year later,international relations between the West and the Middle East had been severelydamaged. Many countries began to take steps to curb OPEC's power by investingin oil development in non-Arab countries and researching alternative energytechnologies.

III.  Environment and Globalizatio

DohaMandate: worldgovernments recognized that they had to acknowledge the importance of theenvironment. When an agreement was reached among all WTO trade ministers tostart a new round of global trade negotiations at a summit in Doha, Qatar, inNovember 2001, therefore, it included a limited mandate to open negotiations onthe relationship between trade and environment in the context of the GATT andthe 20 multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) governing environmentalprotection that have provisions affecting international trade. The WTOreaffirmed in the Doha Declaration that its competency is in trade and that theproper forum for solving environmental problems is through MEAs, not the GATT.Environmentalists hope, perhaps too optimistically, that the new round ofnegotiations will enable them to insert more concern for the environment in theinternational trading system, what has been called "greening theGATT." This is particularly important for the environmental movement sincethere is, as of yet, no international organization to coordinate global environmentalpolicy.

KyotoProtocol: The KyotoProtocol is a protocolto the international FrameworkConvention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases thatcause climatechange. 175 partieshave ratified the protocol. Of these, 36 developed countries are required toreduce greenhouse gas emissions to the levels specified for each of. 137developing countries have ratified the protocol, including Brazil, Chinaand India, but have noobligation beyond monitoring and reporting emissions.

CFCS andthe Ozone Layer: Themain cause of ozone depletion is emissions from man-made sources ofhalocarbons, most notably chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). These "wondergases" were renowned for their industrial properties and used in a widerange of applications, including refrigerators, air conditioners, aerosol spraycans, solvents, foams, and fire extinguishers. The downside of these gases isthat they linger in the atmosphere and thus cause long-lasting environmentaldamage. The chlorine in CFC interacts chemically with ozone and breaks it upinto constituent molecules of oxygen, reducing the capability of the ozonelayer to block UV rays. Montreal Protocol established tough guidelines forreducing usage of ozone-depleting substances while allowing leeway for the economicgrowth of developing countries and changes based on scientific advances.

SustainableApproach: Addressbalance between economic development and environmental protection and betweeninternational cooperative and individual action. The other themes are the RioDeclaration and Agenda 21. Agenda 21 turned the declaration's principles into acomprehensive list of programs that the international community committeditself to implementing to achieve economic development and environmentalprotection in tandem and without conflict.

IV.   Economy and Globalization

Latifundia: Large-scale plantations worked withcheap slave labor, driving their small farmer neighbors out of business. Widowsof soldiers usually had to sell their land to the latifundia operators atridiculously low prices. Some farmers left because they couldn't afford to paytheir taxes. These small farmers and their families were forced to move to thecity, Rome.  

The WorldBank and International Money Fund:Main focus of its work after WW II was reconstruction of Europe and eventuallyprovided loans for development programs designed to reduce poverty. Also aidsin reconstruction after natural disasters and the president is traditionally anAmerican. The international money fund is intended to stabilize exchange ratesand reestablish the world's international payment system. Member countriescontribute to a fund borrowed from (temporarily) by countries with paymentimbalances and the manager is normally a European.

Bullsand Bears: The useof "bull" and "bear" to describe stock markets comes fromthe way in which each animal attacks its opponents. A bull thrusts his horns upinto the air - meaning an upward trend in the stock market. Investor confidenceis high and good returns are expected. A bear swipes his or her paws down -meaning a downward trend in the stock market. Investor confidence is low andpeople are trying to sell.

FederalReserve System: TheFederal Reserve System (aka The Fed) is the USA's central banking system.Presidentially-appointed Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System inWashington, D.C (current chair, Ben Bernanke). 12 regional Federal ReserveBanks located in major cities throughout the nation acting as fiscal agents forthe U.S. Treasury. Member banks across the US, which subscribe to requiredamounts of non-transferable stock in their regional Federal Reserve Banks.

TheGreat Depression: In1929 the stock market crashed. The United States's woes triggered a worldwideeconomic deflation and a great hike in unemployment. America's survival of theGreat Depression is a tribute to the inspired leadership of President FranklinD. Roosevelt. America's isolationist streak re-emerged: "Fix Americafirst, and forget about the rest of the world."America placed foreignpolicy on the back burner, along with military spending. This was a mistake.Pulling America out of the Great Depression was important, but it was a badmove because it ended up with the Japanese attacking Pearl Harbor.

Recessionv. Depression:Recession = when a nation's Gross National Product (GNP) declines for two ormore quarters, a significant decline in economic activity spread across theeconomy for a period of more than a few months, may be associated with eitherinflation (rapidly rising prices) or deflation (rapidly falling prices), whenthe economy affects you. Depression = a term for a prolonged recession, whenthe economy affects me.

V. Culture and Globalization

Positiveand Negative aspects of IT Explosion: Recent advances in our ability to communicate and processinformation in digital form-series of developments sometimes described as an"IT revolution"-are reshaping the economies and social lives of manycountries around the world.  Positively affects the globalized economy andmakes communication easier and more efficient. Some of the drawbacks of courseare how easily it makes outsourcing.  Also, eliminates certain jobs bymaking certain task so easy that they may no longer warrant the work of a humanbeing. 

EvilEmpires:  As long as super powers have existed, there have been Evil Empires. Generally, Evil Empires have been empires that disagree with what the UnitedStates has been doing.  During WWII, Germany could be considered an EvilEmpire. 

 Hellenism: The term Hellenism describes a cultureadapted from the classical Ancient Greeks and spread through the EasternMediterranean and Near East during the conquests of Alexander the Great.Educated Romans were impressed by the range of the arts and literature andscientific advancement of the Greeks. The Romans' own intellectual achievementssuddenly appeared rather scanty, and it became a point of Roman pride to matchGreek cultural achievements whenever possible. It soon became customary forwealthy Romans to have their own Greek teachers and philosophers at home - manyof whom were still slaves\

 Aemulatio: a term meaning "envy." 

 PresidentWashington and Foreign entanglements:  Washington felt that, as a nation, we should "avoidforeign entanglements."  However, Washington did feel that we couldn'tjust stick our heads in the sand, because overseas issues proved to affect thecolonies.

Americaand the Phillippines:Under commodore Dewey, US naval bases demolished the Spanish fleet at Manila,but had to be careful not to let the Philippines take over the city. TheFilipinos were grateful at first, but then realized that the US was not aliberator, but acting on imperialistic values. A gun fight broke out between USforces and Filipinos and thus the Filipino Revolution occurred. The effort tocivilize the Filipino's was so brutal it strengthened the isolationist view.Under isolationist pressure America agreed to grant the Philippinesindependence in 1945.

 Fourteen Points Speech:  President Wilson.  Calledfor the Creation of an international organization devoted to and maintainingworld peace, the future League of Nations.  We didn't join the league ofnations because of Wilson's stance.  So, without the United State'ssupport the league was doomed.